Epididymitis

Epididymitis is an inflammatory condition in men characterized by inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located behind the testicle that connects to the vas deferens. Inflammation of the epididymis may spread to the testicle, resulting in epididymo-orchitis, and in some cases may affect male fertility.

The epididymis is a paired organ of the male reproductive system that plays an important role in the maturation, storage, and transport of sperm. Epididymitis is often caused by bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

In most cases, epididymitis affects only one side. In more severe cases, both epididymides may become inflamed.

There are two main forms of epididymitis: acute and chronic.

Acute Epididymitis

Acute epididymitis develops rapidly and may be accompanied by pronounced inflammation, a sudden increase in body temperature, nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms of systemic infection. Without timely treatment, complications such as a purulent abscess, tissue damage, or sepsis may occur.

Chronic Epididymitis

Chronic epididymitis may develop following an episode of acute epididymitis or as a result of persistent or recurrent inflammation. Chronic inflammation can cause scarring and obstruction of the epididymal ducts, which may impair sperm transport and contribute to male infertility.

Symptoms of Epididymitis

Pain in the groin or scrotum;

Swelling, tenderness, and enlargement of the epididymis;

Discharge from the urethra;

Blood or other abnormal findings in the urine;

Pain, burning, or stinging during urination;

Nausea, fever, and elevated body temperature.

Causes of Epididymitis

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs);

Other bacterial infections of the genitourinary system;

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH);

Scrotal injuries;

Tuberculosis;

Medical procedures or instrumentation performed through the urethra.